Ukryj
Pokaż wszystkie
Wyślij tekst przez e-mail Włoska ustawa nr 132/2025 jako pierwszy akt implementacyjny AI Act do prawa krajowego. Krytyczna analiza w ujęciu prawno-porównawczym
Streszczenie w języku polskim
W artykule analizie poddano włoską ustawę nr 132/2025 o sztucznej inteligencji, będącą pierwszą krajową implementacją AI Act (rozporządzenia w sprawie sztucznej inteligencji). Ustawa nr 132/2025 wprowadza innowacyjne regulacje sektorowe w obszarze ochrony zdrowia, zatrudnienia i wymiaru sprawiedliwości oraz ustanawia nowe przepisy prawa karnego dotyczące deepfake’ów i wykorzystania sztucznej inteligencji jako okoliczności obciążającej. Jednocześnie charakteryzuje się poważnymi słabościami strukturalnymi: rezygnuje z autonomii regulacyjnej, przyjmuje AI Act jako standard maksymalny i ustanawia policentryczny, lecz niespójny i niedofinansowany model nadzoru. Ponadto nie obejmuje kluczowych kwestii związanych z oddziaływaniem na środowisko, partycypacją społeczną i ochroną danych osobowych. Mankamenty włoskiej regulacji potęgują szerokie delegacje ustawowe prowadzące do niepewności prawnej. Analiza prawnoporównawcza pozwala dostrzec w ustawie nr 132/2025 swoisty test na granice elastyczności europejskiego AI Act oraz przyczynek do asymetrii regulacyjnej na Jednolitym Rynku Unii Europejskiej. Niewątpliwie włoska regulacja stanowi ważne, choć niedoskonałe laboratorium dla przyszłego prawa unijnego w zakresie sztucznej inteligencji.
Słowa kluczowe
Pełny tekst:
PDF (English)Bibliografia
LITERATURE
Almada M., Petit N., The EU AI Act: Between the Rock of Product Safety and the Hard Place of Fundamental Rights, “Common Market Law Review” 2025, vol. 62.
Capano G., Administrative Traditions and Policy Change: When Policy Paradigms Matter. The Case of Italian Administrative Reform during the 1990s, “Public Administration” 2003, vol. 81(4).
Casini L., Politica e amministrazione: The Italian Style, “Rivista Trimestrale di Diritto Pubblico” 2019, vol. 1.
Cassano G., Tripodi E.M., Il Regolamento Europeo sull’Intelligenza Artificiale. Commento al Reg. UE n. 1689/2024, Santarcangelo di Romagna 2024.
Donati F., La protezione dei diritti fondamentali nel Regolamento sull’intelligenza artificiale, “Rivista AIC” 2025, vol. 1.
Duflot A., Artificial Intelligence in the French Law of 2024, “Legal Issues in the Digital Age” 2024, vol. 5(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.17323/2713-2749.2024.1.37.56
Fantoly Z., Simplifying Criminal Proceedings Using Artificial Intelligence in Criminal Compliance, “Studia Iuridica Lublinensia” 2024, vol. 33(5). DOI: https://doi.org/10.17951/sil.2024.33.5.57-67
Favaro T., Artificial Intelligence in Italian Public Administration: Challenges, Case Studies and Regulatory Perspectives, “Journal für Rechtspolitik” 2023, vol. 31(1).
Franceschelli V., Sirotti Gaudenzi A., La legge Italiana sull’Intelligenza Artificiale. Commento alla Legge 23 settembre 2025, n. 132, Santarcangelo di Romagna 2025.
Karathanasis T., The AI Act: Balancing Implementation Challenges and the EU’s Simplification Agenda, 1.5.2025. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5311501
Kłos P., Inteligentne systemy wspomagania decyzji w procesie podejmowania decyzji prawnych – wybrane zagadnienia z perspektywy teoretycznoprawnej, “Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny” 2025, vol. 87(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/rpeis.2025.87.2.03
Kostrubiec J., Sztuczna inteligencja a prawa i wolności człowieka, Warszawa 2021.
Kusche I., Possible Harms of Artificial Intelligence and the EU AI Act: Fundamental Rights and Risk, “Journal of Risk Research” 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2024.2350720
Le Goff T., Environmental Law’s Principles Applied to Artificial Intelligence: A Path Towards Regulation, “International Review of Law, Computers & Technology” 2025, vol. 40(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13600869.2025.2506166
Lupo N., La delega legislativa come strumento di coordinamento dell’attività normativa di Governo e Parlamento: le lezioni che si possono trarre dalla legge n. 421 del 1992 (anche ai fini dell’attuazione del PNRR), “Amministrazione in Cammino” 2022.
Marchetti G., La delegazione legislativa tra Parlamento e Governo. Studio sulle recenti trasformazioni del modello costituzionale, Milano 2016.
Mattei P., Legislative Delegation to the Executive in the ‘Second’ Italian Republic, “Modern Italy” 2007, vol. 12(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13532940601134874
Mennella C., Maniscalco U., De Pietro G., Esposito M., Ethical and Regulatory Challenges of AI Technologies in Healthcare: A Narrative Review, “Heliyon” 2024, vol. 10(4).
Novelli C., L’Artificial Intelligence Act Europeo: alcune questioni di implementazione, “Federalismi.it” 2024, no. 2.
Patterson D., Gonzalez J., Hölzle U., Le Q., Liang C., Munguia L.-M., Rothchild D., So D.R., Texier M., Dean J., The Carbon Footprint of Machine Learning Training Will Plateau, Then Shrink, “Computer” 2022, vol. 55(7). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/MC.2022.3148714
Pham B.C., Davies S.R., What Problems Is the AI Act Solving? Technological Solutionism, Fundamental Rights, and Trustworthiness in European AI Policy, “Critical Policy Studies” 2024, vol. 19(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19460171.2024.2373786
Pizzoferrato A., European Legislation and AI Information Systems Applicable to HRM, [in:] Law, Technology and Labour, ed. E. Menegatti, Bologna 2023.
Renning C., The Use of Artificial Intelligence and the Professional Duties of German Lawyers, “Studia Prawa Publicznego” 2025, no. 1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/spp.2025.1.49.3
Salvadori I., Agenti Artificiali, opacità tecnologica e distribuzione della responsabilità penale, “Rivista italiana di diritto e procedura penale” 2021, vol. 1.
Silva N., The Artificial Intelligence Act: Critical Overview, 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2409.00264
ONLINE SOURCES
Araco G., Auricchio S., De Salvo N., Izzo F., Maglio R., Intelligenza artificiale: governance, responsabilità e privacy, Senato della Repubblica, Documento di analisi n. 31, 2024, https://www.senato.it/service/PDF/PDFServer/BGT/01443718.pdf (access: 12.10.2025).
Coraggio G., Nuova legge italiana sull’IA vs legge UE sull’IA: cosa c’è da sapere, 23.9.2025, https://dirittoaldigitale.com/2025/0923/legge-italiana-ia (access: 12.10.2025).
Deutscher Bundestag, 19. Wahlperiode, Gesetz zur Neuordnung der Marktüberwachung, https://dip.bundestag.de/vorgang/gesetz-zur-neuordnung-der-markt%C3%BCberwachung/273948 (access: 25.10.2025).
DIN, DKE, German Standardization Roadmap on Artificial Intelligence, 2022, https://www.din.de/resource/blob/916798/ed09ae58b60f0d3a498fa90fa5085b7c/nrm-ki-engl-2023-final-web-250-neu-data.pdf (access: 12.10.2025).
Direction générale des Entreprises, Les autorités compétentes pour la mise en œuvre du règlement européen sur l’intelligence artificielle, 9.9.2025, https://www.entreprises.gouv.fr/priorites-et-actions/transition-numerique/soutenir-le-developpement-de-lia-au-service-de-0 (access: 12.10.2025).
Federal Ministry of Research, Technology and Space, AI Action Plan, 2023, https://www.bmftr.bund.de/EN/Research/EmergingTechnologies/ArtificialIntelligence/artificialintelligence_node.html (access: 12.10.2025).
Fragasso B., Profili penalistici della legge sull’intelligenza artificiale: osservazioni a prima lettura, 16.10.2025, https://www.sistemapenale.it/it/scheda/profili-penalistici-della-legge-sullintelligenza-artificiale-osservazioni-a-prima-lettura?out=print (access: 12.10.2025).
Garante per la protezione dei dati personali, Artificial Intelligence: The Italian Data Protection Authority Writes to Parliament and Government: Need for Independent and Impartial Supervisory Authorities, 25.3.2024, https://www.garanteprivacy.it/home/docweb/-/docweb-display/docweb/9996508#english (access: 12.10.2025).
Groppi T., Alle frontiere dello stato costituzionale: innovazione tecnologica e intelligenza artificiale, 2020, https://giurcost.org/contents/giurcost/studi/groppi4.pdf (access: 12.10.2025).
Italian Government, Presidency of the Council of Ministers, President Meloni’s Video Message to the Event ‘L’Intelligenza Artificiale per l’Italia’, 12.3.2024, https://www.governo.it/en/articolo/president-meloni-s-video-message-event-lintelligenza-artificiale-litalia/25213 (access: 28.9.2025).
Kancelaria Prezesa Rady Ministrów, Projekt ustawy o systemach sztucznej inteligencji, UC71, https://www.gov.pl/web/premier/projekt-ustawy-o-systemach-sztucznej-inteligencji (access: 12.10.2025).
KI-Bundesverband, Referentenentwurf Gesetz zur Durchführung der Verordnung über künstliche Intelligenz, 20.2.2026, https://ki-verband.de/positionspapiere-referentenentwurf (access: 17.7.2026).
Krüger M., German vs. European AI Regulation: Comparison of the German Approach to AI Regulation with the European AI Act, https://linvelo.com/german-vs-european-ai-regulation-comparison-of-the-german-approach-to-ai-regulation-with-the-european-ai-act/#blog-content-header-3 (access: 12.10.2025).
Legalis, Ustawa o sztucznej inteligencji wciąż w fazie projektu, 9.7.2025, https://legalis.pl/ustawa-o-sztucznej-inteligencji-wciaz-w-fazie-projektu (access: 14.10.2025).
Ministerio para la Transformación Digital y de la Función Pública, El Gobierno da luz verde al anteproyecto de ley para un uso ético, inclusivo y beneficioso de la Inteligencia Artificial, 11.3.2025, https://digital.gob.es/comunicacion/notas-prensa/mtdfp/2025/03/2025-03-11 (access: 12.10.2025).
Ministry of Economy and Finance, National Recovery and Resilience Plan (PNRR), 26.5.2021, https://www.mef.gov.it/en/focus/The-National-Recovery-and-Resilience-Plan-NRRP (access: 12.10.2025).
Momsen C., Implications and Limitations of the Use of AI in Criminal Justice in Germany, 2023, https://kripoz.de/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/momsen-implications-and-limitations-of-the-use-of-ai-in-criminal-justice-in-germany.pdf (access: 12.10.2025).
Scaffardi L., Internet fra auto-limitazione e controllo pubblico, 2023, https://www.rivistaaic.it/it/rivista/ultimi-contributi-pubblicati/lucia-scaffardi/internet-fra-auto-limitazione-e-controllo-pubblico (access: 12.10.2025).
Scarpelini F., Deepfake, dalle norme Ue al reato italiano: tutele e limiti, 15.5.2026, https://www.agendadigitale.eu/sicurezza/deepfake-dalle-norme-ue-al-reato-italiano-tutele-e-limiti (access: 29.10.2025).
Villani S., Il sistema di vigilanza sull’applicazione dell’AI Act: ognun per sé?, 2024, https://www.aisdue.eu/susanna-villani-il-sistema-di-vigilanza-sullapplicazione-dellai-act-ognun-per-se (access: 12.10.2025).
DOCUMENTS
European Commission Detailed Opinion C(2024) 7814 concerning the Italian Draft AI Bill (Draft Law No. 1146), Brussels, 5.11.2024.
Italian Data Protection Authority, Opinion on a Draft Bill Containing Provisions and Delegations Concerning Artificial Intelligence (Decision No. 477 of 2 August 2024).
LEGAL ACTS
Act of 6 June 1997 – Criminal Code (consolidated text, Journal of Laws 2025, item 383).
Act on Copyright in Works of Visual Arts and Photography of 9 January 1907 (RGBl. 1907, p. 7), last amended by Article 3 § 31 of the Act of 16 February 2001 (BGBl. I p. 266).
Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, signed in Rome on 4 November 1950.
Criminal Code in the version published on 13 November 1998 (Federal Law Gazette I, p. 3322), as last amended by Article 2(2) of the Act of 7 November 2024 (Federal Law Gazette 2024 I No. 351).
Law No. 132 of 23 September 2025, “Provisions and delegations to the Government regarding artificial intelligence” (Official Journal of the Italian Republic, General Series No. 223, 25.9.2025).
Law No. 2016-1321 of 7 October 2016 for a Digital Republic.
Law No. 2021-1104 of 22 August 2021 on combating climate change and strengthening resilience to its effects.
Law No. 2023-380 of 19 May 2023 relating to the 2024 Olympic and Paralympic Games (Official Journal of the French Republic, Text 3 of 202, 20.5.2023).
Law of 13 November 2023 on increasing energy efficiency in Germany.
Public Health Code, Chapter II “Health Data Platform”, amended by Law No. 2019-774 of 24 July 2019 relating to the organization and transformation of the health system.
Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation) (OJ L 119/1, 4.5.2016).
Regulation (EU) 2017/745 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 April 2017 on medical devices, amending Directive 2001/83/EC, Regulation (EC) No. 178/2002 and Regulation (EC) No. 1223/2009 and repealing Council Directives 90/385/EEC and 93/42/EEC (OJ L 117/1, 5.5.2017).
Regulation (EU) 2017/746 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 April 2017 on in vitro diagnostic medical devices and repealing Directive 98/79/EC and Commission Decision 2010/227/EU (OJ L 117/176, 5.5.2017).
Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 June 2024 laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence and amending Regulations (EC) No. 300/2008, (EU) No. 167/2013, (EU) No. 168/2013, (EU) 2018/858, (EU) 2018/1139 and (EU) 2019/2144 and Directives 2014/90/EU, (EU) 2016/797 and (EU) 2020/1828 (Artificial Intelligence Act) (OJ L 2024/1689, 12.7.2024).
Royal Decree 729/2023, of August 22, approving the Statute of the Spanish Agency for the Supervision of Artificial Intelligence.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2026.35.2.63-86
Data publikacji: 2026-08-07 12:31:19
Data złożenia artykułu: 2025-12-03 23:43:16
Statystyki
Wskaźniki
Odwołania zewnętrzne
- Brak odwołań zewnętrznych
Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Izolda Bokszczanin-Gołaś
Powyższa praca jest udostępniana na lcencji Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.